Sensory Detection & Discrimination: Study Reveals Neural Basis of Rapid Brain Adaptation

You detect an object flying at your head. What do you do? You probably first move out of the way — and then you try to determine what the object is. Your brain is able to quickly switch from detecting an object moving in your direction to determining what the object is through a phenomenon called adaptation.

 

Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University associate professor Garrett Stanley (standing) and research scientist Qi Wang uncovered the biological basis of the brain’s ability for rapid adaptation: neurons located at the beginning of the brain’s sensory information pathway that change their level of simultaneous firing. (Credit: Gary Meek)

A new study in the Nov. 21 advance online edition of the journal Nature Neuroscience details the biological basis of this ability for rapid adaptation: neurons located at the beginning of the brain’s sensory information pathway that change their level of simultaneous firing. This modification in neuron firing alters the nature of the information being relayed, which enhances the brain’s ability to discriminate between different sensations — at the expense of degrading its ability to detect the sensations themselves.

“Previous studies have focused on how brain adaptation influences how much information from the outside world is being transmitted by the thalamus to the cortex, but we show that it is also important to focus on what information is being transmitted,” said Garrett Stanley, an associate professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University.

In addition to Stanley, Coulter Department research scientist Qi Wang and Harvard Medical School Neurobiology Department research fellow Roxanna Webber contributed to this work, which is supported by the National Institutes of Health.

Garrett Stanley, an associate professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, conducts research aimed at understanding how information about the outside world is represented by the electrical activity in the brain. (Credit: Gary Meek)

For the experiments, Stanley and Wang moved a rat’s whisker to generate a sensory input. Moving whiskers at different speeds or at different angles produced sensory inputs that could be discriminated. This sensory experience is analogous to an individual moving a fingertip across a surface and perceiving the surface as smooth or rough. While the whiskers were being moved, the researchers recorded neural signals simultaneously from different parts of the animal’s brain to determine what information was being transmitted.

“Neuroscientists know a lot about different parts of the brain, but we don’t know a lot about how they talk to each other. Recording how neurons are simultaneously communicating with each other in different parts of the brain and studying how the communication changes in different situations is a big step in this field,” said Stanley.

The results from the experiments showed that adaptation shifted neural activity from a state in which the animal was good at detecting the presence of a sensory input to a state in which the animal was better at discriminating between sensory inputs. In addition, adaptation enhanced the ability to discriminate between deflections of the whiskers in different angular directions, pointing to a general phenomenon.

Biomedical engineers Garrett Stanley (standing) and research scientist Qi Wang plan to use the new techniques they developed to further probe the degree of synchronization of neurons in the brain because a variety of different diseases and disorders act to change the synchronization and cause harmful effects. (Click image for high-resolution version. Credit: Gary Meek)

“Adaptation differentially influences the thalamus and cortex in a manner that fundamentally changes the nature of information conveyed about whisker motion,” explained Stanley. “Our results provide a direct link between the long-observed phenomenon of enhanced sensory performance with adaptation and the underlying neurophysiological representation in the primary sensory cortex.”

The thalamus serves as a relay station between the outside world and the cortex. Areas of the cortex receive and process information related to vision, audition and touch from the thalamus.

The study also revealed that information the cortex receives from the thalamus is transformed as it travels through the pathway due to a change in the level of simultaneous firing of neurons in the thalamus. The researchers found that the effect of adaptation on the synchrony of neurons in the thalamus was the key element in the shift between sensory input detection and discrimination.

“There is a switching of the circuit to a different function. The same neurons do two different things and switch quickly, in a matter of seconds or milliseconds, through a change in the synchronization across neurons,” explained Stanley. “If we think of the neurons firing like members of an audience clapping hands, then the sound of the clapping becomes louder when they all clap together.”

In the future, the techniques used in this study may be valuable for probing the effects of brain injury on this pathway and others, as a variety of different diseases and disorders act to change the degree of synchronization of neurons in the brain, resulting in harmful effects.

This project is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Award No. R01NS48285). The content is solely the responsibility of the principal investigator and does not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH.

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US adults most likely to forgo care due to cost, have trouble paying medical bills

A new 11-country survey from The Commonwealth Fund finds that adults in the United States are far more likely than those in 10 other industrialized nations to go without health care because of costs, have trouble paying medical bills, encounter high medical bills even when insured, and have disputes with their insurers or discover insurance wouldn't pay as they expected. According to the report, the findings highlight the need for Affordable Care Act reforms that will ensure access to health care, protect people from medical debt, and simplify health insurance.

The U.S. stands out for the most negative insurance-related experiences. One third (33%) of U.S. adults went without recommended care, did not see a doctor when sick, or failed to fill prescriptions because of costs, compared to as few as 5 percent to 6 percent in the Netherlands and the U.K., according to the study published today as a Health Affairs Web First article. In addition, one-fifth of U.S. adults had major problems paying medical bills, compared to 9 percent in France, the next highest country, 2 percent in the U.K., 3 percent in Germany, and 4 percent in the Netherlands. Uninsured and insured U.S. adults reported equally high rates of out-of-pocket costs, with one-third (35%) of U.S. adults paying $1,000 or more out-of-pocket in the past year for medical bills, significantly higher than all of the other countries.

The study analyzes findings from the Commonwealth Fund 2010 International Health Policy Survey in Eleven Countries, focusing on insurance and access to health care experiences reported by 19,700 adults from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The study reveals widespread disparities by income within the United States. Lower income U.S. adults were far more likely than those with above average incomes to report difficulty with medical bills and timely access to health care.

"We spend far more on health care than any of these countries, but this study highlights pervasive gaps in U.S. health insurance that put families' health and budgets at risk," said Commonwealth Fund Senior Vice President Cathy Schoen, lead author of the article. "In fact, the U.S. is the only country in the study where having health insurance doesn't guarantee you access to health care or financial protection when you're sick. This is avoidable—other countries have designed their insurance systems to value access and limit out-of-pocket costs."

U.S. Health System Stands Out for Insurance Problems, Income Disparities

The U.S. also stood out for its complex insurance system, the study found. Thirty-one percent of U.S. adults either spent a lot of time dealing with insurance paperwork, had their insurer deny a claim, or had their insurer pay less than they anticipated. In contrast, only 13 percent of adults in Switzerland, 20 percent of adults in the Netherlands, and 23 percent of adults in Germany—all countries with competitive health insurance markets—reported these problems. U.S. adults under 65 were the most likely to experience problems dealing with their health insurance providers—the 65 and older Medicare population was much less likely to report these issues.

According to the study, the U.S. stood alone among the countries for its persistent and wide disparities among income groups—even for those with insurance. Although the uninsured were at highest risk for skipping needed care, working-age U.S. adults with below-average incomes who were insured all year were significantly more likely than those with above-average incomes to go without needed care because of costs and have serious problems paying medical bills—nearly half (46%) went without needed care and one third had one bill problem, double the rates reported by above-average income insured adults.

"What we are hearing directly from adults around the world, and what we hear regularly at home, is that there is substantial room for improvement in the U.S. health insurance system," said Commonwealth Fund President Karen Davis. "The good news is that there are opportunities to learn from other countries, and Affordable Care Act reforms will provide affordable insurance options for the uninsured, make sure insurance pays for essential care, and provide financial security for millions."

U.S. Lags Other Countries in Access to Care When Sick; Leads with Other Countries in Access to Specialists

Looking beyond how health insurance affects access to health care, the survey found substantial differences among countries on access to care when sick, access after hours, and wait times for more specialized care.

  • Swiss, New Zealand, Dutch, and U.K. adults were the most likely to report same- or next-day access to doctors when sick, with 70 percent of adults in the U.K and 93 percent of Swiss adults reporting rapid access. In contrast, only 57 percent of adults in Sweden and the U.S., and less than half in Canada and Norway were seen this quickly.

  • Reflecting national policy requirements for after-hours care arrangements, about two-thirds of Dutch, New Zealand, and U.K. adults found it easy to get care after hours without going to the emergency room. In contrast, two-thirds of Swedish, Canadian, French, and U.S. adults said it was difficult.

  • Regarding specialists, in addition to the U.S., German, Swiss, U.K, and Dutch adults reported typically rapid access to specialists with 70 percent to 83 percent of adults in all five countries reporting they were seen in less than four weeks.
  • ADDITIONAL SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS

    Confidence in Affording Care and Getting Effective Care When Needed

  • Only 58 percent of U.S. adults were confident they would be able to afford the care they needed—the lowest rate in the survey. U.K., Swiss, and Dutch adults were the most confident they would be able to afford needed care.

  • Asked if they were confident they would receive the most effective care, 70 percent of U.S. adults were confident, compared with 84 percent to 92 percent of adults in France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the U.K.
  • Differences by Income

  • In all countries except the U.K., adults with incomes below the national average were more likely than those with higher than average income to report trouble with medical bills and problems with access to care because of costs. However, income gaps were widest in the U.S., with a spread of as much as 19 percentage points between low- and high-income adults.

  • Regarding access to primary care and waiting times, the U.K was notable for having few differences by income, and Switzerland and Germany stood out for rapid access to primary and specialist care for below-average income as well as above-average income adults. The U.S. stood out for significant income gaps in primary care access, after hours, and specialists, even for those who were insured all year.
  • Insurance Design Matters

    The study included countries with diverse insurance arrangements, including three countries— Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland—that have achieved near-universal coverage with competitive health insurance markets, a requirement that all residents have insurance, and provisions to assure that insurance and care are affordable. As the article describes, each of these countries has developed insurance system rules that ensure people with health insurance are protected. Countries that require people to pay for some portion of their health care costs out-of-pocket, such as France, Germany, and Switzerland have limited out-of-pocket costs to patients. Germany limits out-of-pocket costs based on income, and France lowers or eliminates cost-sharing for those with chronic conditions and for medications that have been proven to be highly effective. To address insurance affordability, Swiss and Dutch systems provide assistance in paying premiums to 30 to 40 percent of their populations.

    The authors note that with insurance expansions under health reform, the U.S. performance should improve over time. However, out-of-pocket spending will remain high compared to other countries, and affordability provisions may need to be strengthened over time.

    ###

    Survey Methodology

    Harris Interactive, Inc. and international survey firms in various countries conducted the interviews by telephone with nationally representative cross-sections of adults ages 18 and older in the eleven countries between March and June, 2010. The final study included 3,552 adults in Australia, 3,302 in Canada, 1,302 in France, 1,005 in Germany, 1,001 in the Netherlands, 1,000 in New Zealand, 1,058 in Norway, 2,100 in Sweden, 1,306 in Switzerland, 1,511 in the United Kingdom, and 2,501 in the United States. The Commonwealth Fund provided core support for the survey with co-funding to expand the countries included in the survey provided by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care; Haute Authorité de Santé and Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés (France); Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport and the Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare at Radboud University Nijmegen, in the Netherlands; Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services; Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; and the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. In addition, support for expanded country samples was provided by the UK Health Foundation; Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care and the Bureau of Health Information; and the Health Council of Canada, Ontario Health Quality Council, and Québec Health Commission. The interviews were conducted in language appropriate to the country, with an option for French in Canada and Spanish in the United States. The margin of sample error for country averages are approximately ±2 percent for the Australia, Canada, Sweden and the U.S., and ±3 percent for the other countries at the 95 percent confidence level.

    The Commonwealth Fund is a private foundation supporting independent research on health policy reform and a high performance health system.

    NextGen Healthcare Reveals Certified Ambulatory and Inpatient Suite at 2010 Users Group Meeting

    NextGen Healthcare Reveals Certified Ambulatory and Inpatient Suite at 2010 Users Group Meeting

    Thought leaders, clients and keynote speakers share best practices for improving patient care, operational efficiency, and business sustainability

    NextGen Healthcare Information Systems, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Quality Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: QSII), and leading provider of healthcare information systems and connectivity solutions, is holding its annual Users Group Meeting (UGM) this week in Orlando, Fla., bringing together more than 3,200 physicians, practice administrators and hospital leaders to discover the “Keys to Success” for improving healthcare delivery.

    “NextGen Healthcare now supports clients with a suite of products and consulting services to help them integrate across the continuum of care, connect with a community of providers, and maximize Meaningful Use incentives. We are extremely excited and well prepared to move forward as a partner with our clients.”

    This year, UGM attendees gain an exclusive, first look at NextGen Healthcare’s suite of certified solutions that span ambulatory and inpatient settings, including NextGen® Inpatient Clinicals, a premarket conditionally CCHIT Certified® 2011 Inpatient EHR, and NextGen® Ambulatory EHR version 5.6, a CCHIT Certified® 2011 Ambulatory EHR, additionally certified for Behavioral Health, Cardiovascular Medicine with Advanced Reporting, Child Health, and Dermatology.

    “Our clients have experienced several fast-paced, significant changes in the healthcare system and overall business market this year. NextGen UGM 2010 is focused on sharing detailed strategies for their continued success in this new environment,” said Scott Decker, President of NextGen Healthcare, who delivered an opening address this morning. “NextGen Healthcare now supports clients with a suite of products and consulting services to help them integrate across the continuum of care, connect with a community of providers, and maximize Meaningful Use incentives. We are extremely excited and well prepared to move forward as a partner with our clients.”

    NextGen UGM attendees include small, mid-sized and large physician practices, inpatient facilities, and hospitals and health systems. Over three days at Walt Disney World® Resort, NextGen Healthcare’s thought leaders, product experts and clients will share best practices, receive hands-on product training and participate in more than 200 educational sessions. Physicians have the unique opportunity to earn CME credits during more than 30 sessions.

    Demonstrations will showcase innovative new tools that complete NextGen Healthcare’s Meaningful Use offering and can serve as the foundation for Patient-Centered Medical Home and Accountable Care initiatives, including NextGen Ambulatory EHR, NextGen® Health Quality Measures Reporting Module, NextGen® Patient Portal, NextGen® Dashboard and NextGensm Health Information Exchange. The conference will also introduce new features and functionality in NextGen® Mobile to support improved workflow, remote access and work/life balance for physicians, as well as expanded NextGensm Consulting Services to help clients transform their healthcare delivery.

    Attendees gathered additional secrets to success during keynote presentations by entrepreneur Chris Gardner, owner and CEO of brokerage firm Gardner Rich LLC and inspiration for the #2 all-time domestic grossing drama, "The Pursuit of Happyness;" Farzad Mostashari, MD, Deputy National Coordinator for Programs & Policy with the ONC at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; and Charles D. Kennedy, MD, Vice President of Health Information Technology & Research for WellPoint, Inc.

    CCHIT Certified® is a registered mark of the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology.